托福閱讀不同題型在解題思路上是有很大區別的,今天小編給大家帶來了托福閱讀難點易錯題型解題思路實例解析之句子插入題。希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀難點易錯題型解題思路實例解析:句子插入題
托福閱讀句子插入題解題基本思路介紹
在做題的時候,我們需要先讀句子插入題中出現的句子,再看原文。這樣做的好處是比較省時間,可以較快的找到被插入句子的主語。而且重點把握該句的動詞和名詞,從而為讀原文做好準備。
托福閱讀句子插入題解題思路實例分析
舉個例子,比如TPO34中Passage 3 Protection of Plants by Insects里的第13題:
Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.
Where does the sentence best fit?
通過這句話,我們可以發現they是該句的主語,動詞capture是謂語,而insects是句子中的賓語,那么抓住這個句子的主干再去做題,就明確了回原文閱讀的目的了。
下面我們來看原文:
Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants.[A] Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.[B]To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.[C]Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.[D]
此時我們需要注意的,將句子插入原文后,插入后的句子不能改變原文間的內在邏輯關系。
如果我們放在A處,那么插入后的文章給人的感覺就比較突兀,因為第一句話與第二句話沒有鋪墊,聯系不夠緊密。而如果放在B處的話,前邊的plants supply ants with abundant energy和后邊的to return this favor的內在聯系就被打破了,同樣也是不可取的。那么如果放在C處,句子的主語并沒有改變,而且driving away or killing intruding insects和capture the insects也是有關聯的。因此C處是合適的。而如果放在D處,那么intruders和插入句中的insects是同一回事,可是句子的主語卻是they。因此句子的邏輯就不對了,所以不能插入在D處。
在做題過程中,我們還發現,銜接詞和指代詞也是需要我們仔細斟酌的。因為這些標志性的信號詞,直接決定我們做題的正確與否。銜接詞,比如表示并列、轉折、因果等關系的詞匯,例如and, but, so, therefore等等。指代詞,常見的有it, they, this, that等詞匯。在閱讀原文的過程中,我們只要牢牢地盯緊這些詞匯,就能確保對文章內在邏輯的把握,就能減少判斷錯誤的可能性。
托福閱讀長難句練習:美國債務危機
The US House of Representatives has voted to allow the government to keep borrowing extra money for another four months, deferring a possible debt crisis, which would have brought the administration to a standstill. The measure was welcomed by the White House. From Washington, here’s Paul Adams. With the possibility looming that the US might default on its debt obligations for the first time, the Republicans have decided not to pick a fight with Barack Obama, at least not now. Until an abrupt change of course at the end of last week, they had been threatening to demand spending cuts to offset raising country’s borrowing limit. This move sure to be endorsed by the Senate puts off one fiscal crisis, but another over sweeping cuts in defence and domestic spending due to take effect at the beginning of March is waiting in the winds.
美國眾議院投票表決允許政府再為另外4個月擁有額外的資金,從而推遲可能的債務危機,使政府免于陷入癱瘓。 白宮對此表示歡迎。 來自華盛頓,Paul Adams.報道。 美國有可能首次出現債務違約情況,對此共和黨決定不再為難巴拉克?奧巴馬,至少目前如此。 就在共和黨上周末突然一改常態之前,他們還一直威脅要求削減開支,來抵消提高借債上限的措施。 這個措施可阻止財政危機,肯定能得到參議院的支持,但美國已準備好三月份將會對國防和國內開支進行大幅削減。
托福閱讀題型之送分題-詞匯題 ,這個便宜你難道不撿嗎?
詞匯量少的寶寶可看好了哦!
最易忽視的線索1:與詞匯搭配的介詞。
任何詞性的單詞與介詞搭配,詞義都由介詞的詞義定。舉個簡單的例子:seek for/search for/hunt for/look for,都由for 來搭配,雖然四個動詞從詞義上來說有區別,但都是表示找尋什么,也是因為介詞for的作用。For有表“目標”的意思。
TPO1-2
24. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.
The word “penchant” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Compromise B. Inclination C. Tradition D. Respect
解析:介詞for可以用來表示“去向,趨勢”。比如:I’ll leave for Chicago tomorrow.四個選項里面B具有明顯的趨向性,所以答案為B。
DELTA EXERCISE
When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as multiple surfaces on which the moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets.
The word “hoisted”in the passage is close in meaning to
A. Lifted B.Grouped C. Returned D. Pointed
解析:介詞up可以用來表示“在……上面”,所以答案為A。
TPO1-3
37. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating ground water…
The word “plugged”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. washed B. dragged C. filled up D. Soaked through
解析:介詞with可以用來表示“在一起、用、有”。plugged 所在句子句意大致為:原本的顆粒之間的縫隙并沒有完全被粘性的化學物質所X.X。鑒于有with,可以猜測是因為粘性的化學物質把縫隙連起來了,C選項的filledup表示填充,正好符合,所以答案為C。
DELTA EXERCISE
One of the rose’s most common associations in folklore is with death. The Romans often decked the tombs of the dead with roses;
The word “decked” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Painted B. Separated C. Decorated D. Disguised
解析:decked和介詞with這里搭配,with就表示“用和伴隨”。那么通過句意可以猜到是用玫瑰花裝飾死者的墳墓,所以答案為C。
TPO2-3
37. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.
The word expanded in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Was enlarged B. Was improved
C. Was varied D. Was rejected
解析:expanded和介詞from…to在這里搭配,而from…to本來就表示變化。from后面是1or 2 inches (in height)1或2英寸高,to后面是life-size…6 or 9 feet真實大小,6或9英尺。那么“從小變大”,答案為A。
線索2:邏輯關系-轉折or 同義重申。所以答案應該在與原文句子里的單詞有近義詞或反義詞當中尋找。是不是太簡單粗暴了?是的,我們就是這樣的。
所有的邏輯關系我們都可以簡化為轉折和同義重申。有轉折詞的即為轉折,無轉折詞的即為同義重申(同樣的范疇和語氣通過不同的方式再說一次)。
詞與詞之間:
TPO1-2
15. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.
The word “championed”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Changed B. Debated C. Created D. Supported
解析:The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists……中,championed 其實是和accepted是并列的關系,都是用來修飾theory的。那么accepted這個詞是個常規詞匯,意思為接受,那么championed也就是相近的意思,那么答案為D,接受的,支持的。
句子內部:
TPO 2-1
3. There is little doubt, however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
The word delicate in the passage isclosest in meaning to
A. fragile B. predictable C. complex D. valuable
解析:exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures中,delicate是用來修飾ecological balance的,后面緊跟著有個“and”,因此其語氣應該和后面的limited in the potential 一致。Limited是個常規詞匯,意為有限的,語氣為負面的,那么作為并列delicate也應該是負面的語氣,用來修飾生態平衡,那么答案為A,脆弱的生態平衡。
TPO2-2
16. Although limited to askull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.
The word precious in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Exact B. Scarce C. Valuable D. Initial
解析:precious所在的句子的主句與其從句因為although呈現出轉折的邏輯關系,所以precious的語氣和詞義應該與limited相反。limited為有限的,語氣為負面,所以precious的語氣應為正面的積極的,答案為C,意為有價值的。
7. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.
The phrase devoid of in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in
解析:devoid所在的主句與從句因為since邏輯關系為因果,被我們劃為同義重申。那么從句句意為因為絕大多數的莊稼的培植必須事先移除土地的自然植被,所以主句說一旦莊稼種植失敗,就留下了大面積的土地devoid植物的覆蓋,當然是沒有植物的覆蓋了,所以答案為D。當然還可以根據主句內部的and判斷出與and后面的句意的邏輯關系為并列,后面說susceptible to wind and the water erosion容易受到風和水的腐蝕,可以判斷出前文應該是沒有植物的覆蓋,答案為D。但是susceptible to這個詞匯很多同學都不認識,所以還是前一種方法對于此題更可行。
句與句之間:
DELTA EXERCISE
Cool has with stood the fleeting nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun,and as a verb, cool has been around along time.
The word “fleeting”in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Temporary B. Youthful C. Emotional D. Popular
解析:fleeting這句和后一句的邏輯關系為同義重申,因為后一句開頭沒有轉折。后一句講到cool已經存在很長的時間了,所以講的是時間的范疇,那么選項應該也是時間的。A和B都有點和時間有關聯。但是因為第一句有with stood詞義為禁得住,第一句的句意為絕大多數俚語有著一個特質即為fleeting,而cool卻經受住了這樣的考驗。加上后句講存在了很長的時間,結合起來也就是說cool經受住了俚語隨時間快速消逝的考驗,所以答案為A,短暫的。簡而言之,別的俚語都很快就消逝了,而cool卻流傳下來。
TPO3-3
38. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St Helens, in the north-western United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
The word pales in the passage is closet in meaning to
A. Increases proportionally B.Differs
C. Loses significance D. Is common
解析:pales所在的句子一開頭并沒有轉折詞匯出現,所以與前一句的邏輯關系為同義重申,因此重點在于讀懂前一句的句意。前一句為:生態學家特別想知道是哪些因素導致了群落的復蘇,因為全世界的頂級群落都正在被人類的活動所嚴重破壞。請寶寶們注意嚴重這個詞。pales所在的句子緊接著就舉例了,結果舉了個大自然活動的破壞的例子,并把大自然活動的破壞和人類互動的破壞放在一起比較,根據同義重申的邏輯關系,應該是人類活動的破壞性很嚴重,那么正話反說,大自然活動的破壞性就沒有人類活動的破壞性強。所以答案為C,沒那么嚴重。
托福閱讀推理題的解題路徑!
一、正向推理
所謂“正向推理”,是指最終答案所描述的特質與文章所描述的特質一致。值得注意的是,這種特質的一致性往往體現為“整體”與“部分”特質的一致性,所以我們也常常把“正向推理”稱為“整體與部分推理”。
正向推理包含兩種主要情形,一種叫做給定段里面沒有推理對象的情況,另外一種叫做有舉例引發的“整體與部分推理”。所謂“整體與部分推理”,就是文章里面講述一個特質是A,下面選項中的特征也是A,這個特質本身沒有變化。文章里面講什么特質,下面選項中就是什么特質,只不過一個是“整體”,一個是“部分”而已。“整體”具備A的特質,那么“部分”也具備A的特質,也就是A
A。
二、逆向推理
“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”,文章中講的是A,下面選項里最終答案是“非A”,此推理包含三種情形。
一種是由新時間點引發的逆向推理,比如“now”表示現在,含有典型的暗轉折含義。事實上,凡是時間點概念,都暗示著轉折。比如說:1999年澳門回歸了,這意味著1999年之前澳門沒有回歸。這條原則可能聽起來怪怪的,但意義重大,以后我們做托福文章要比其他沒有經歷過嚴格訓練的同學多長一個心眼,但凡是有時間點出現,就意味著前后的特質不一致,而這恰好是考點。
第二種是由新地點引發的逆向推理。事實上,它和第一點的內涵是一致的,可以被統稱為“分類取非”。在文章中經常會出現把一個大類分成兩個小類的情況,比如文章里面講述生物分為兩類,一類是動物,一類是植物,這時文章里面會談到動物和植物的“不同點”而不會是“相同點”。
最后一種是由特定詞引發的逆向推理,這一類詞包括unlike、without以及所有能夠表示“比例”的詞等。
實際上,推理題的真正難點在于我們很難在短時間內找到用于推理的句子,這樣我們可以用以上兩個大類的推理路徑來解決這個問題。