GRE之OG2閱讀真題整合

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Passage 16

Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rainsoaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.

1. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B. The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole; the second provides evidence that supports an objection to that conclusion.

C. The first provides support for an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states that intermediate conclusion.

D. The first serves as an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes.

E. The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second supports the conclusion of the argument.

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Passage 17

In the 1980s, neuroscientists studying the brain processes underlying our sense of conscious will compared subjects’ judgments regarding their subjective will to move (W) and actual movement (M) with objective electroencephalographic activity called readiness potential, or RP. As expected, W preceded M: subjects consciously perceived the intention to move as preceding a conscious experience of actually moving. This might seem to suggest an appropriate correspondence between the sequence of subjective experiences and the sequence of the underlying events in the brain. But researchers actually found a surprising temporal relation between subjective experience and objectively measured neural events: in direct contradiction of the classical conception of free will, neural preparation to move (RP) preceded conscious awareness of the intention to move (W) by hundreds of milliseconds.

1. Based on information contained in the passage, which of the following chains of events would most closely conform to the classical conception of free will?

A. W followed by RP followed by M

B. RP followed by W followed by M

C. M followed by W followed by RP

D. RP followed by M followed by W

E. RP followed by W and M simultaneously

2. In the context in which it appears, “temporal” (line 13) most nearly means

A. secular

B. mundane

C. numerical

D. physiological

E. chronological

3. The author of the passage mentions the classical conception of free will primarily in order to

A. argue that earlier theories regarding certain brain processes were based on false assumptions

B. suggest a possible flaw in the reasoning of neuroscientists conducting the study discussed in the passage

C. provide a possible explanation for the unexpected results obtained by neuroscientists

D. cast doubt on neuroscientists’ conclusions regarding the temporal sequence of brain processes

E. indicate the reason that the results of the neuroscientists’ study were surprising

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Passage 18

In early-twentieth-century England, it was fashionable to claim that only a completely new style of writing could address a world undergoing unprecedented transformation— just as one literary critic recently claimed that only the new “aesthetic of exploratory excess” can address a world under- going well, you know. Yet in early-twentieth century England, T. S. Eliot, a man fascinated by the “presence” of the past, wrote the most innovative poetry of his time. The lesson for today’s literary community seems obvious: a reorientation toward tradition would benefit writers no less than readers. But if our writers and critics indeed respect the novel’s rich tradition (as they claim to), then why do they disdain the urge to tell an exciting story?

1. The author of the passage suggests that present-day readers would particularly benefit from which of the following changes on the part of present-day writers and critics?

A. An increased focus on the importance of engaging the audience in a narrative

B. Modernization of the traditional novelistic elements already familiar to readers

C. Embracing aspects of fiction that are generally peripheral to the interest of readers

D. A greater recognition of how the tradition of the novel has changed over time

E. A better understanding of how certain poets such as Eliot have influenced fiction of the present time

2. In the context of the passage as whole, “address” (lines 3 and 6) is closest in meaning to

A. reveal

B. belie

C. speak to

D. direct attention toward

E. attempt to remediate

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Passage 19

Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urban households had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.

1. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas?

A. People with access to an electric washing machine typically wore their clothes many fewer times before washing them than did people without access to electric washing machines.

B. Households that had sent their clothes to professional laundries before 1925 were more likely than other households to purchase an electric washing machine when they became available.

C. People living in urban households that had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries typically owned more clothes than did people living in rural households.

D. The earliest electric washing machines required the user to spend much more time beside the machine than do modern electric washing machines.

E. In the 1920s and 1930s the proportion of rural households with electricity was smaller than the proportion of urban households with electricity.

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Passage 20

The nearly circular orbits of planets in our solar system led scientists to expect that planets around other stars would also reside in circular orbits. However, most known extrasolar planets reside in highly elongated, not circular, orbits. Why? The best clue comes from comets in our solar system. Comets formed in circular orbits but were gravitationally flung into their present-day elliptical orbits when they ventured too close to planets. Astronomers suspect that pairs of planets also engage in this slingshot activity, leaving them in disturbed, elliptical orbits. If two planets form in close orbits, one will be scattered inward (toward its star), the other outward. They will likely then travel close enough to neighboring planets to disturb their orbits also.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

1. According to the passage, which of the following factors help account for the elliptical shape of the orbits of extrasolar planets?

A. The planets’ formation in close proximity to other planets

B. The gravitational influence of planets whose original orbits have been disturbed

C. The gravitational influence of comets

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

2. The passage suggests that two planets formed in close orbits that engaged in “slingshot activity” (lines 10-11) would be likely to

A. deflect away from each other

B. change the shape of each other’s orbit

C. affect the orbits of any neighboring planets