大家在做雅思閱讀的時(shí)候，一定要讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣更有助于找到問題的答案。今天小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x文章的三類精品結(jié)構(gòu)，希望能幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
【閱讀講解必看】雅思閱讀文章的三類精品結(jié)構(gòu)
為什么要讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)呢?
首先，這是雅思閱讀的題型要求。在雅思官方給出的閱讀14種題型中，有一種難度較大的題型: 段落信息配對題(Which paragraph contains the following information?)它需要考生讀完所有的命題信息點(diǎn)后，去全文搜索命題所對應(yīng)的段落。這對考生的閱讀速度和搜索能力有著極高的要求。通常多數(shù)考生全篇撒網(wǎng)，漫無目的地找信息，結(jié)果不是“快而不準(zhǔn)”就是嚴(yán)重超時(shí)。但是，若考生能提前洞悉文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，就能了解命題信息點(diǎn)對應(yīng)的文章大致范圍，如文章靠前 的段落還是靠后的段落?
比如，劍橋5 test 3 passage 3中，有一道段落信息配對題，命題是：how AI might have a military impact. 根據(jù)該文章的標(biāo)題：The Return o f Artificial Intelligence可知，關(guān)于命題中AI在軍事上的影響應(yīng)該放在靠后的段落進(jìn)行說明，那么考生的選擇范圍至少縮小的一半。若考生沒有針對性的全篇覆蓋，即使做出題，也是嚴(yán)重超時(shí)。
其次，應(yīng)對定位難度大的題。不能否認(rèn)的是很多情況下做題不用瀏覽文章，在備考初期，找命題中的定位詞去文中定位，這是烤鴨們必經(jīng)的首要階段。但慢慢地，考生明顯會感覺到定位難度的加大，如命題中的定位詞被同義替換，定位時(shí)偶爾出現(xiàn)的亂序情況等等。但試想，若考生在做題前就分析過文章結(jié)構(gòu)，大概能抓住文章的每段的主旨，那么我們就不再是依賴某一兩個(gè)詞來定位，而是用語義來定位，即使出現(xiàn)亂序或者同義替換，我們也能輕松搞定。
最后，文章對應(yīng)的考題一網(wǎng)打盡，提高速度。考生通常習(xí)慣了先讀命題再去文章中找需要的相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行解題，殊不知，這是一種比較冒險(xiǎn)的做法，因?yàn)楫?dāng)定位 簡單時(shí)這種方法的確最直接有效，但不能排除的是有的題定位難度很大，這時(shí)就只有文章結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀法才能很好的克服這個(gè)問題。
因此為了能將所有題一網(wǎng)打盡，考生應(yīng)該在做題前快速地分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和每段的主旨。結(jié)構(gòu)出來了，作者的寫作思路也就呼之欲出了，之后對應(yīng)的2-4個(gè)題型就能得到迅速和準(zhǔn)確的定位;此外，再 也不是一道道題去定位，而是整個(gè)題型從宏觀上一起同時(shí)定位，做題的速度自然也得到很大的提升。
因此，想要在雅思閱讀中克服難題，提高速度，進(jìn)而沖高分，做題前一定要耐心地先讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，這也正解釋了為什么在近期出爐的OCG (The Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS)中給出的閱讀第一個(gè)test tip(P45): Read the passage as quickly as possible (up to three minutes).
那么，雅思文章題材五花八門，內(nèi)容生硬又專業(yè)，要看懂都不容易，如何能在短短的2-3分鐘內(nèi)梳理出文章的架構(gòu)和作者的寫作思路呢?事實(shí)上，正是因?yàn)檠? 思文章的學(xué)術(shù)性和專業(yè)性，其文章結(jié)構(gòu)和形式相對比較固定，于是我們就可以利用這一點(diǎn)來迅速掌握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)了。在此，筆者將給考生們介紹常見的三種雅思文章結(jié)構(gòu)類型。
I. 介紹說明類的文章
這一類文章通常是對某個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行的客觀描述或介紹，一般考生可以通過其標(biāo)題來進(jìn)行判斷。具體的結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
i. Introduce an object or a fact
ii. Detailed deions
iii. Significance
無論什么文章，首段通常都是引出主題，用客觀描述性的語言來介紹，或者從背景部分切入，之后便是對該事物的具體展開描述了：事情的發(fā)展順序，某個(gè)東西的具體特征介紹等等;最后結(jié)尾部分通常對該事物所帶來了意義進(jìn)行說明。如劍橋5T1P1 Johnson’s Dictionary, 在前三段交代完約翰遜字典出現(xiàn)的背景后，中間部分側(cè)重交代字典的準(zhǔn)備過程和具體的特征介紹，最后的部分描述了該字典給那個(gè)時(shí)代的社會，國家以及Johnson本人帶來的重大意義。
II. 問題解決類的文章
關(guān)于問題解決類的文章，在雅思閱讀中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，而且具體的結(jié)構(gòu)相對更加固定，其結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
i. Introduce a phenomenon or a problem
ii. Causes
iii. Effects
iv. Measures or future
這一類的文章傾向的是介紹一些消極負(fù)面的環(huán)境自然類問題，警惕世人引起大家的關(guān)注，因此它的幾個(gè)構(gòu)成要素也跟明確。同樣先引出主題，之后對該現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行 原因分析，影響分析(通常是負(fù)面的影響)，鑒于嚴(yán)重的消極影響該采取的相應(yīng)措施被提出，但如果有的問題暫時(shí)沒有對策，還有待解決，作者就寄希望于未來。
考生如果對這種結(jié)構(gòu)悉數(shù)于心，當(dāng)碰到劍橋5T4P1的list of headings就能迅速又準(zhǔn)確得解答出來。該文章一共10段，分成section A, B, C, 對應(yīng)的考題是list of headings, 即找出三個(gè)小標(biāo)題分別給A, B, C三個(gè)部分。按考試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間只有4-5分鐘，但考生卻要讀完整篇文章10段才能解答出三道題，時(shí)間上和效率上都是很難達(dá)到要求的。這時(shí)，大家可以考慮用文 章的結(jié)構(gòu)來解題。該文章的標(biāo)題是The Impact of Wilderness Tourism, 不難發(fā)現(xiàn)該文章是在描述野外旅游給環(huán)境帶來的負(fù)面影響。于是按照上面的具體結(jié)構(gòu)，考生就能快速抓住文章的要點(diǎn)，即原因，影響及措施。題目給出的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中 大家能快速的發(fā)現(xiàn)這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)：
ii. How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of
wilderness tourism.
iii. Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there.
v. Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism.
最后按原因，影響，措施的順序進(jìn)行排序即可。
III. 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果類的文章
第三類文章的具體結(jié)構(gòu)是最為固定的，畢竟實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程還是講究順序的，如下：
i. Introduce an experiment and its purpose
ii. Subject, methods
iii. Process
iv. Result
v. Analysis
vi. Conclusion
實(shí)驗(yàn)類的文章必定先介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的，具體受試者和相關(guān)要素，然后進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體過程，最后到最關(guān)鍵的部分，就是對數(shù)據(jù)的描述和分析，從而得出結(jié)論。劍橋真題系列上的是實(shí)驗(yàn)類文章幾乎都是這樣固定的結(jié)構(gòu)。如劍橋5T1P2 Nature or Nurture? 通過閱讀每段的首句不難梳理出全篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)：A段引出實(shí)驗(yàn)并介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的。B段介紹實(shí)驗(yàn)的受試者和相關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備信息。C段是實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體過程。D和E段是數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果(一個(gè)是期望的結(jié)果，一個(gè)是實(shí)際的結(jié)果)。FGH三段分別從不同的角度來分析這些結(jié)果。最后一段I得出結(jié)論。
雅思考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense
A.
It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.
B.
This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “l(fā)ocked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.
C.
This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”
D.
Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.
E.
Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “l(fā)ock in”.
F.
The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.
2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.
3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.
4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.
5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.
6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.
7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.
Questions 8-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.
8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?
A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.
B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.
C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.
D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.
9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.
A. refused
B. welcomed
C. not bothered
D. not well received
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?
A. Sony would gain the most profit.
B. More customers would be “l(fā)ocked in”.
C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.
D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.
Questions 11-14
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.
Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. low-key:
抑制的，受約束的，屈服的
2. showman:
開展覽會的人, 出風(fēng)頭的人物
3. unassuming:
謙遜的, 不夸耀的, 不裝腔作勢的
4. iPod：
(蘋果公司出產(chǎn)的)音樂播放器
5. iTunes store：
(蘋果公司出產(chǎn)的)在線音樂商店
6. get off person’s back:
不再找某人的麻煩，擺脫某人的糾纏
7. gravitate:
受吸引，傾向于
8. unfazed:
不再擔(dān)憂，不被打擾
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13
1. TRUE
See the second sentence in Paragraph A “… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.”
2. FALSE
See the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”
3. TRUE
See the fourth sentence in Paragraph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”
4. TRUE
See the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “l(fā)ocked in” customers.”
5. NOT GIVEN
The third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”
6. FALSE
See the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “l(fā)ock in”.
7. NOT GIVEN
See the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”
8. B
See the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”
9. C
See the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”
10. A
See the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”
11. the iTunes store
See the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”
12. withdraw their catalogues
See the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”
13. produce security fixes
See the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”
14. redirect their energies
See the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”
雅思閱讀文章的三類精品結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)文章：
★ 實(shí)例分析雅思高分寫作的結(jié)構(gòu)
★ 雅思閱讀中出現(xiàn)的5種句型結(jié)構(gòu)分析
★ 雅思閱讀句型結(jié)構(gòu)分析之名詞性從句詳解
