放在名詞后的分詞多數是分詞短語，它可以變成一個定語從句（盡管定語從句不一定都能變成分詞短語）：
1/表示一時動作的分詞短語：
The danger threatening the world (=which is threatening the area ) is too many people with too little food.
They looked on at the city being attacked by the enemy (=which was being attacked by the enemy).
The man being followed by guards (=who are being followed by guards) is a party leader.
2/表示長久特點的分詞短語：
A man respecting others (=who respects others ) will be respected.
Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught (=who refuses to be taught)?
It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman.
Books called the comics (=that are called the comics ) are sometimes harmful to children.
Any books well read (=that are well read ) are good books and any men well treated are good men.
2)名詞前作定語的分詞
a)用在名詞前的不及物現在分詞
名詞前的現在分詞多數為不及物動詞：
The trembling criminal hung his head.
Do you see the floating bridge there?
She is a doting mother.
The existing situation will last some years.
In the field are nodding trees, murmuring rivulets, smiling flowers, singing birds, swimming ducks and playing children.
He is an uncompromising diplomat.
It proves futile in spite of all untiring efforts.
This upright man always takes an unswerving course.
It is an unavailing plot.
There is an undying friendship between them.
b)用在名詞前的及物現在分詞
1/意義上的賓語為‘人’的情況：
及物動詞的分詞也可用在名詞前面，但它們大多表示情緒。它們的意義上的賓語指一般人或某些人，是不說出的。
It is a charming story=It is a story that charms us (me,you or anyone).
We have an encouraging prospect. =We have a prospect that encourages us.
This exciting experience made him sleepless. =This experience, which excited him, made him sleepless.
It is an interesting (or surprising, amazing, moving, entertaining, affecting ) story.
He has a puzzling problem to solve.
In the forest there happened a shocking (or frightening ) case of murder.
Her fascinating eyes and her tempting mouth put you in a reverie.
It is a misleading statement, a deceiving promise.
An unconvincing rumor spread over the city.
2/意義上的賓語為‘物’的情況：
有少數及物動詞的分詞，它們的意義上的賓語也不說出， 卻是指‘物’的，這時要經過琢磨才知道賓語是什么：
It is an arresting sight (=a sight that arrests somebody's attention), an imploring look (=a look that implores somebody's help), a revealing story (= a story that reveals things hidden or kept secret), a deserving cause (=a cause that deserves sympathy or help).
He is a grasping attorney (an attorney who are eager to grasp money).
A knowing man (=a man who knows all the secret),
an understanding man (a man who understands others' feelings),
a forbidding headmaster (=a headmaster who forbids others to approach or to like him),
a loving father (=a father who loves children or others),
a promising youth (a youth who promises to suceed),
a designing businessman (=a bisinessman who designs some intrigues),
an unfeeling judge (=judge who feels no sympathy),
an unforgiving father (=a father who does not forgive any fault),
an unthinking playboy(=a playboy who does not think of the consequences)
an unsparing housewife (=housewilfe who does not spare money),
an unassuming scholar (=a scholar who does not assume importance),
an unpretending manager (=a manager who does not pretend importance).
c)用在名詞前的及物過去分詞
1/一般過去分詞：
及物動詞的過去分詞常可用在名詞前作它的修飾語。它表示同句謂語動詞所表示的動作發生時正在被進行的一個動作，也可以表示那時之前一個被動動作的后果：
He is an honoured abd respected professor (=professor who is honoued and respected).
We live in a crowded area.
The oppressed natons are beginning to rise.
The persecuted patriot hid himself in the jungle.
I drink boiled water (=water that has been boiled before, but is no more boiled and is free from germs now ).
There are many trained nurses (=nurses who have been trained before, but are efficient now) in this hospital.
Don't tread on the broken glass (=glass that has been broken before, but may hurt somebody's feet now).
Used cars cost cheaper than new ones.
There are thousands of wounded soldiers in this lost battle.
He is a qualified teacher.
2/已失去動詞特點的分詞：
a/以-en(或-n)結尾的過去分詞
有不少過去分詞已失去動詞特點，成為純粹的形容詞，它們有些以-en(或-n)結尾：
His honesty is a proven fact.
I like frozen fruit.
This is the tomb of forgotten heroes.
How hot is molten iron?
It is said the devil has cloven hoofs.
Some drunken sailors are fighting in the street.
Do you see the hidden meaning of this letter?
下面詞組中也包含這種分詞：
driven snow, woven thread, sawn timber, hewn timber, a sunken cheek, shrunken clothes, a rotten egg, a shorn lamb, a gaven image, a terror-stricken child, a down-trodden people, ill-gotten money, a swollen face, a carven image, his broken promise.
b/帶un-前綴的過去分詞：
"That is an unfounded rumour." "No, it is an undoubted fact."
There are unnumbered (or untold) crimes in this small city.
The enemy suddenly attacked this unguarded city.
His unaffected (or unfeigned) manners make me love him.
A rich man has to hear unearned praise from time to time.
What is the most important thing for an underdeveloped country?
That is an unheard-of (=extraordinary) case of murder.
He bacame the owner of undreamt-of wealth.
An unlooked-for (=unexpected) love letter came to me this morning.
An unwished-for (or unhoped-for )(=undesirable ) accident happened to me.
Nobody can stand this uncalled-for (=unnecessary and improper) insult.
c/有特別意義的過去分詞：
有少數過去分詞，用做純粹的形容詞時，意思發生一些變化，已不再是做動詞時的意思，如動詞celebrate表示‘慶祝’，但形容詞celebrated卻表示‘著名的’：
This is a celebrated city.
This is the most noted (=famous) mounain in Japan.
He is a confirmed pickpocket (=pickpocket who is unlikely to be changed).
He is a past-master (=one who has much experience) in deceit.
He will suffer for his ill-advised (=unwise) action.
I have never seen such a beautiful place in my born days (=in my lifetime).
d/有主動意義的過去分詞：
大多數過去分詞都有被動意思，例如 the unforgotten hero 的意思是 the hero that has been forgotten,又如 boiled water的意思是water that has been boiled. 但有少數過去分詞卻有主動意思，它們甚至起及物動詞作用，可以有一個說不出的賓語。例如 a drunken sailor 意思是a sailor who has drunk too much liquor.
A learned scholar (=A scholar who has leanred very mush ) usually looks silly.
Experienced men (=Men who have experienced a lot) in this matter are not numerous.
A practised man (=A man who has often practised doing this) can do more than a greenhorn.
These cultivated people (=These people, who have cultivated their minds ) are my good friends.
The king loves his devoted subjects (=his subjects, who devotes themselves to him ).
A dissipated youth (=A youth who dissipates his time and money ) will ruin himself.
Is a contented man (=a man who contents himself with what he has ) always happy?
The mistaken traveller has had a narrow escape.
d)用在名詞前的賓補動詞的過去分詞
某些賓補動詞的過去分詞可以用在名詞前面做定語。這是一類特殊的賓補動詞，它們用在下面這類句子中：
They declared him to be a traitor.
They proved the statement to be false.
He professed himself to be a scientist.
下面句子包含了以這類動詞作定語的過去分詞
This is the reputed scene (= the place which is reputed to be the scene ) of robbery.
John is the supposed father (=the man who is supposed to be the father) of this child.
He is an avowed member (= a man who has avowed himself to be a member ) of this party.
He is a professed scientist.
The confessed (or admitted ) thief was sent to prison.
e)用在名詞前的不及物動詞的過去分詞
有幾十個不及物動詞的過去分詞可用在名詞前作定語。它們多數表示一種變化，表示一種完成的動作，一種狀態。它們已失去動詞的特點，不再有被動意義，幾乎成了形容詞：
A retired official (=An official who has retired or is retired) lives next door.
He is a returned student (=a student who has returned from abroad).
The decayed tooth should be pulled off.
A married man is more stable in character than a bachelor.
Thousands of people mourned for the deceased actress.
Both fading and faded flowers were blown about in the strong wind.
Here and there were decaying or decayed leaves.
We see changing and changed modes of life every year and every day.
下面詞組中各包含一個這樣的過去分詞：
abdicted emperor, obsconed debtor, aged poet, arrived guest, assembled company, eloped pair, escaped prisoner, failed candidate, fallen angel, fled robber, perjured witness, travelled writter
departed glories, expired lease, foregone conclusion, mouldered temple, risen sun, rotten fruit, shrunken clothes, sunken rocks, vanished civilization, withered leaves, well-read and well-behaved young man, plain-spoken politician, free-spoken man, full-grown girl, full-blown roses
3)在名詞后作定語的分詞
分詞也可以放在它們所修飾的名詞的后面
a)簡單分詞
簡單分詞，不管是現在分詞還是過去分詞，放在名詞后的情況是比較少的，但在下面情況下可以放在名詞后面：
1/如果它受到強調，感到像一個從句：
I want to know the person coming (=who comes or is coming)
Who were the people participating (=who participated )?
I went into the room adjoining---and saw something I can't tell.
No man living can do that.
I went to meet her at the plane indicated (=which had been indicated).
They threw into prison all the persons all the persons suspected (=who were suspected).
The prisioner acquitted went home directly.
The matter being investgiated (=that is being investigated) is a military secret.
The work being done (=that was being done ) prevented his from going.
下面詞組中各包含一個這樣的詞
The money spent, the day appointed, the fact alleged, the reason given, the plan suggested, the party interested, the guests invited.
2/如果它用來進行對比：
The visitors coming and going are so numerous.
He is a person revered and beloved.
In many countries, word spoken are different from words written.
3/如果名詞是一個不關緊要的詞或被修飾的是一個代詞：
Those remaining had to wait two days more.
Virtue is a thing unseen.
He is like one charmed.
All involved will be sent to jail.
The point controverted is insignificant.
4/如果名詞前有一個形容詞最高級或類似的形容詞：
This is the most difficult job known.
He is the fattest man living
The chief (or only, one) guest invited was me.
This is the only chance left.
We welcomed every client (or all clients) coming.
Every man arriving received a gift.
5/如果分詞和其他詞構成固定詞組（短語）：
I will stay here for the time being.
We danced for two days running.
They were at daggers drawn.
I know the bank concerned.
The votes cast represent their opinion.
There is 20 dollars remaining.
6/如果分詞前加so或thus：
Fish thus (or so) cooked is delicous.
Money thus (or so) earned is money stolen.
7/如果分詞是某些特定的詞 （這時分詞也可以放在名詞前面）：
He is a poet born (or born poet)
He is a novelist born and bred (or a born and bred novelist).
An artist born and brought up (or a born and brought up artist ) must be different from an ordinary man.
The terms above-metioned (or -cited, -specified,-said, -named) should be carried out.
The person before- (or afore-) metioned died in 1950.
The expected visitor came in the year following at the time appointed.
1/表示一時動作的分詞短語：
The danger threatening the world (=which is threatening the area ) is too many people with too little food.
They looked on at the city being attacked by the enemy (=which was being attacked by the enemy).
The man being followed by guards (=who are being followed by guards) is a party leader.
2/表示長久特點的分詞短語：
A man respecting others (=who respects others ) will be respected.
Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught (=who refuses to be taught)?
It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman.
Books called the comics (=that are called the comics ) are sometimes harmful to children.
Any books well read (=that are well read ) are good books and any men well treated are good men.
2)名詞前作定語的分詞
a)用在名詞前的不及物現在分詞
名詞前的現在分詞多數為不及物動詞：
The trembling criminal hung his head.
Do you see the floating bridge there?
She is a doting mother.
The existing situation will last some years.
In the field are nodding trees, murmuring rivulets, smiling flowers, singing birds, swimming ducks and playing children.
He is an uncompromising diplomat.
It proves futile in spite of all untiring efforts.
This upright man always takes an unswerving course.
It is an unavailing plot.
There is an undying friendship between them.
b)用在名詞前的及物現在分詞
1/意義上的賓語為‘人’的情況：
及物動詞的分詞也可用在名詞前面，但它們大多表示情緒。它們的意義上的賓語指一般人或某些人，是不說出的。
It is a charming story=It is a story that charms us (me,you or anyone).
We have an encouraging prospect. =We have a prospect that encourages us.
This exciting experience made him sleepless. =This experience, which excited him, made him sleepless.
It is an interesting (or surprising, amazing, moving, entertaining, affecting ) story.
He has a puzzling problem to solve.
In the forest there happened a shocking (or frightening ) case of murder.
Her fascinating eyes and her tempting mouth put you in a reverie.
It is a misleading statement, a deceiving promise.
An unconvincing rumor spread over the city.
2/意義上的賓語為‘物’的情況：
有少數及物動詞的分詞，它們的意義上的賓語也不說出， 卻是指‘物’的，這時要經過琢磨才知道賓語是什么：
It is an arresting sight (=a sight that arrests somebody's attention), an imploring look (=a look that implores somebody's help), a revealing story (= a story that reveals things hidden or kept secret), a deserving cause (=a cause that deserves sympathy or help).
He is a grasping attorney (an attorney who are eager to grasp money).
A knowing man (=a man who knows all the secret),
an understanding man (a man who understands others' feelings),
a forbidding headmaster (=a headmaster who forbids others to approach or to like him),
a loving father (=a father who loves children or others),
a promising youth (a youth who promises to suceed),
a designing businessman (=a bisinessman who designs some intrigues),
an unfeeling judge (=judge who feels no sympathy),
an unforgiving father (=a father who does not forgive any fault),
an unthinking playboy(=a playboy who does not think of the consequences)
an unsparing housewife (=housewilfe who does not spare money),
an unassuming scholar (=a scholar who does not assume importance),
an unpretending manager (=a manager who does not pretend importance).
c)用在名詞前的及物過去分詞
1/一般過去分詞：
及物動詞的過去分詞常可用在名詞前作它的修飾語。它表示同句謂語動詞所表示的動作發生時正在被進行的一個動作，也可以表示那時之前一個被動動作的后果：
He is an honoured abd respected professor (=professor who is honoued and respected).
We live in a crowded area.
The oppressed natons are beginning to rise.
The persecuted patriot hid himself in the jungle.
I drink boiled water (=water that has been boiled before, but is no more boiled and is free from germs now ).
There are many trained nurses (=nurses who have been trained before, but are efficient now) in this hospital.
Don't tread on the broken glass (=glass that has been broken before, but may hurt somebody's feet now).
Used cars cost cheaper than new ones.
There are thousands of wounded soldiers in this lost battle.
He is a qualified teacher.
2/已失去動詞特點的分詞：
a/以-en(或-n)結尾的過去分詞
有不少過去分詞已失去動詞特點，成為純粹的形容詞，它們有些以-en(或-n)結尾：
His honesty is a proven fact.
I like frozen fruit.
This is the tomb of forgotten heroes.
How hot is molten iron?
It is said the devil has cloven hoofs.
Some drunken sailors are fighting in the street.
Do you see the hidden meaning of this letter?
下面詞組中也包含這種分詞：
driven snow, woven thread, sawn timber, hewn timber, a sunken cheek, shrunken clothes, a rotten egg, a shorn lamb, a gaven image, a terror-stricken child, a down-trodden people, ill-gotten money, a swollen face, a carven image, his broken promise.
b/帶un-前綴的過去分詞：
"That is an unfounded rumour." "No, it is an undoubted fact."
There are unnumbered (or untold) crimes in this small city.
The enemy suddenly attacked this unguarded city.
His unaffected (or unfeigned) manners make me love him.
A rich man has to hear unearned praise from time to time.
What is the most important thing for an underdeveloped country?
That is an unheard-of (=extraordinary) case of murder.
He bacame the owner of undreamt-of wealth.
An unlooked-for (=unexpected) love letter came to me this morning.
An unwished-for (or unhoped-for )(=undesirable ) accident happened to me.
Nobody can stand this uncalled-for (=unnecessary and improper) insult.
c/有特別意義的過去分詞：
有少數過去分詞，用做純粹的形容詞時，意思發生一些變化，已不再是做動詞時的意思，如動詞celebrate表示‘慶祝’，但形容詞celebrated卻表示‘著名的’：
This is a celebrated city.
This is the most noted (=famous) mounain in Japan.
He is a confirmed pickpocket (=pickpocket who is unlikely to be changed).
He is a past-master (=one who has much experience) in deceit.
He will suffer for his ill-advised (=unwise) action.
I have never seen such a beautiful place in my born days (=in my lifetime).
d/有主動意義的過去分詞：
大多數過去分詞都有被動意思，例如 the unforgotten hero 的意思是 the hero that has been forgotten,又如 boiled water的意思是water that has been boiled. 但有少數過去分詞卻有主動意思，它們甚至起及物動詞作用，可以有一個說不出的賓語。例如 a drunken sailor 意思是a sailor who has drunk too much liquor.
A learned scholar (=A scholar who has leanred very mush ) usually looks silly.
Experienced men (=Men who have experienced a lot) in this matter are not numerous.
A practised man (=A man who has often practised doing this) can do more than a greenhorn.
These cultivated people (=These people, who have cultivated their minds ) are my good friends.
The king loves his devoted subjects (=his subjects, who devotes themselves to him ).
A dissipated youth (=A youth who dissipates his time and money ) will ruin himself.
Is a contented man (=a man who contents himself with what he has ) always happy?
The mistaken traveller has had a narrow escape.
d)用在名詞前的賓補動詞的過去分詞
某些賓補動詞的過去分詞可以用在名詞前面做定語。這是一類特殊的賓補動詞，它們用在下面這類句子中：
They declared him to be a traitor.
They proved the statement to be false.
He professed himself to be a scientist.
下面句子包含了以這類動詞作定語的過去分詞
This is the reputed scene (= the place which is reputed to be the scene ) of robbery.
John is the supposed father (=the man who is supposed to be the father) of this child.
He is an avowed member (= a man who has avowed himself to be a member ) of this party.
He is a professed scientist.
The confessed (or admitted ) thief was sent to prison.
e)用在名詞前的不及物動詞的過去分詞
有幾十個不及物動詞的過去分詞可用在名詞前作定語。它們多數表示一種變化，表示一種完成的動作，一種狀態。它們已失去動詞的特點，不再有被動意義，幾乎成了形容詞：
A retired official (=An official who has retired or is retired) lives next door.
He is a returned student (=a student who has returned from abroad).
The decayed tooth should be pulled off.
A married man is more stable in character than a bachelor.
Thousands of people mourned for the deceased actress.
Both fading and faded flowers were blown about in the strong wind.
Here and there were decaying or decayed leaves.
We see changing and changed modes of life every year and every day.
下面詞組中各包含一個這樣的過去分詞：
abdicted emperor, obsconed debtor, aged poet, arrived guest, assembled company, eloped pair, escaped prisoner, failed candidate, fallen angel, fled robber, perjured witness, travelled writter
departed glories, expired lease, foregone conclusion, mouldered temple, risen sun, rotten fruit, shrunken clothes, sunken rocks, vanished civilization, withered leaves, well-read and well-behaved young man, plain-spoken politician, free-spoken man, full-grown girl, full-blown roses
3)在名詞后作定語的分詞
分詞也可以放在它們所修飾的名詞的后面
a)簡單分詞
簡單分詞，不管是現在分詞還是過去分詞，放在名詞后的情況是比較少的，但在下面情況下可以放在名詞后面：
1/如果它受到強調，感到像一個從句：
I want to know the person coming (=who comes or is coming)
Who were the people participating (=who participated )?
I went into the room adjoining---and saw something I can't tell.
No man living can do that.
I went to meet her at the plane indicated (=which had been indicated).
They threw into prison all the persons all the persons suspected (=who were suspected).
The prisioner acquitted went home directly.
The matter being investgiated (=that is being investigated) is a military secret.
The work being done (=that was being done ) prevented his from going.
下面詞組中各包含一個這樣的詞
The money spent, the day appointed, the fact alleged, the reason given, the plan suggested, the party interested, the guests invited.
2/如果它用來進行對比：
The visitors coming and going are so numerous.
He is a person revered and beloved.
In many countries, word spoken are different from words written.
3/如果名詞是一個不關緊要的詞或被修飾的是一個代詞：
Those remaining had to wait two days more.
Virtue is a thing unseen.
He is like one charmed.
All involved will be sent to jail.
The point controverted is insignificant.
4/如果名詞前有一個形容詞最高級或類似的形容詞：
This is the most difficult job known.
He is the fattest man living
The chief (or only, one) guest invited was me.
This is the only chance left.
We welcomed every client (or all clients) coming.
Every man arriving received a gift.
5/如果分詞和其他詞構成固定詞組（短語）：
I will stay here for the time being.
We danced for two days running.
They were at daggers drawn.
I know the bank concerned.
The votes cast represent their opinion.
There is 20 dollars remaining.
6/如果分詞前加so或thus：
Fish thus (or so) cooked is delicous.
Money thus (or so) earned is money stolen.
7/如果分詞是某些特定的詞 （這時分詞也可以放在名詞前面）：
He is a poet born (or born poet)
He is a novelist born and bred (or a born and bred novelist).
An artist born and brought up (or a born and brought up artist ) must be different from an ordinary man.
The terms above-metioned (or -cited, -specified,-said, -named) should be carried out.
The person before- (or afore-) metioned died in 1950.
The expected visitor came in the year following at the time appointed.
上一篇：考研英漢翻譯筆記之分詞短語
