人必須有自信，這是成功的秘密。今天小編給大家帶來了2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題
Love the Way You Walk
迷戀你的步伐
Listen carefully to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors unmuffled by carpets, and you can probably work out who it is that is walking about. The features most commonly used to identify people are faces, voices, finger prints and retinal scans. But their “behavioural biometrics”, such as the way they walk, are also giveaways.
仔細聽家里的腳步聲，特別是家里鋪的是木地板而又沒有地毯消聲的話，你大概可以辨認出是誰在走動。最常用于身份識別的體征是面容、聲音、指紋和視網膜掃描。但步態等“生物行為特征”也是可循之跡。
Researchers have, for several years, used video cameras and computers to analyse people’s gaits, and are now quite good at it. But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky – especially if that system is supposed to be covert. Cameras are often visible, are fiddly to set up, require good lighting and may have their view obscured by other people. So a team led by Krikor Ozanyan of the University of Manchester, in England and Patricia Scully of the National University of Ireland, in Galway have been looking for a better way to recognise gait. Their answer: pressure-sensitive mats.
近年來，研究人員一直在用攝像機和計算機分析人的步態，目前技術已經相當成熟。但要將這些知識轉化為實用的識別系統并不容易，尤其是還需要實現隱蔽性。攝像機往往容易被看到，安裝也較為繁瑣，又需要有足夠的光線，而且鏡頭還可能被他人遮擋。因此，英國曼徹斯特大學的克里科爾·奧贊揚(Krikor Ozanyan)和愛爾蘭國立大學戈爾韋的帕特麗夏·斯高莉(Patricia Scully)帶領的團隊一直在探索更好的識別步態的方法。他們的解決方案是使用壓敏墊。
In themselves, such mats are nothing new. They have been part of security systems for donkeys’ years. But Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully use a sophisticated version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it. These measurements form a pattern unique to the walker. Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully therefore turned, as is now commonplace for anything to do with pattern recognition, to an artificial-intelligence system that uses machine learning to disentangle and recognise such patterns.
壓敏墊本身并不是什么新發明，長久以來一直是安保系統的一部分。但奧贊揚和斯高莉使用的是更精密的壓敏墊，可以在有人走過時記錄步伐在不同位置產生的壓力值。這些測量數據構成了步行者獨有的步態模式。于是，兩位研究人員按照如今識別模式的普遍做法，把數據輸入一套人工智能系統，運用機器學習來梳理并識別這些模式。
It seems to work. In a study published earlier this year the two researchers tested their system on a database of footsteps trodden by 127 different people. They found that its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%. And Dr Scully says that even without a database of footsteps to work with the system can determine someone’s sex (women and men, with wide and narrow pelvises respectively, walk in different ways) and guess, with reasonable accuracy, a subject’s age.
這看來行得通。在今年早前發表的一項研究中，兩位研究人員運用127人的足跡數據測試了該系統。他們發現，系統識別身份的錯誤率僅為0.7%。斯高莉說，即使不搭配使用足跡數據庫，系統也能確定受試者的性別(女性骨盆寬，男性骨盆窄，因而行走方式不同)，并可以還算準確地估計出其年齡。
A mat-based gait-recognition system has the advantage that it would work in any lighting conditions – even pitch-darkness. And though it might fail to identify someone if, say, she was wearing stilettos and had been entered into the database while wearing trainers, it would be very hard to fool it by mimicking the gait of an individual who was allowed admission to a particular place.
壓敏墊步態識別系統的優點是可以在任何光照條件下工作，即使一片漆黑也沒問題。如果數據庫之前輸入的是某人穿運動鞋時的步態，當她換成穿高跟鞋走路時，系統可能就無法識別了。但是，如果想模仿某人的步態來欺騙系統以獲準進入特定地點會非常困難。
The latest phase of Dr Ozanyan’s and Dr Scully’s project is a redesign of the mat. The old mats contained arrays of individual pressure sensors. The new ones contain grids of optical fibres. Light-emitting diodes distributed along two adjoining edges of a mat transmit light into the fibres. Sensors on the opposite edges (and thus the opposite ends of the optical fibres) measure how much of that light is received. Any pressure applied to part of the mat causes a distortion in the fibres and a consequent change in the amount of light transmitted. Both the location and amount of change can be plotted and analysed by the machine-learning system.
奧贊揚和斯高莉的研究項目的最新進展是經過重新設計的壓敏墊。原來的墊子包含由單個壓力傳感器組成的陣列。新的墊子則包含多組光纖網格。分布在墊子相鄰兩條邊上的發光二極管將光傳輸到光纖中。安裝在對面兩條邊上(也就是光纖的另一端)的傳感器測量接收到的光量。施加到墊子上某處的任何壓力都會引起光纖變形，進而導致傳輸光量的變化。機器學習系統可以識別并分析變化發生的位置和變化的量。
Dr Ozanyan says that the team have built a demonstration fibre-optic mat, two metres long and a metre wide, using materials that cost ￡100 ($130). They are now talking to companies about commercialising it. One application might be in health care, particularly for the elderly. A fibre-optic mat installed in a nursing home or an old person’s own residence could monitor changes in an individual’s gait that presage certain illnesses. That would provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over, say, or of their cognition becoming impaired.
奧贊揚說，該團隊已制成了一塊兩米長、一米寬的演示用光纖墊，材料成本為100英鎊(130美元)。他們正與多家公司洽談，希望將其商業化。醫療保健或許會是應用領域之一，特別是在照護老年人方面。將光纖墊安裝在養老院或老人自己家中，可以監測一個人步態的變化，預測某些疾病。這將提供早期預警，例如提醒某人較有可能摔倒或出現認知受損。
Gait analysis might also be used as a security measure in the workplace, monitoring access to restricted areas, such as parts of military bases, server farms or laboratories dealing with hazardous materials. In these cases, employees would need to agree to their gaits being scanned, just as they would agree to the scanning of their faces or retinas for optical security systems.
步態分析也可作為工作場所的安保措施，用于監控限制區域的人員進出，例如軍事基地、服務器農場，或處理危險品的實驗室。在這些情況下，員工需要同意系統掃描自己的步態，就像同意光學安保系統掃描自己的面部或視網膜那樣。
Perhaps the most intriguing use of gait-recognition mats, though, would be in public places, such as airports. For that to work, the footsteps of those to be recognised would need to have been stored in a database, which would be harder to arrange than the collection of mugshots and fingerprints that existing airport security systems rely on. Some people, however, might volunteer for it. Many aircrew or preregistered frequent flyers would welcome anything that speeded up one of the most tiresome parts of modern travel.
不過，步態識別墊最吸引人的用途可能在公共場所，例如機場。要實現這一點，被識別者的步態資料需要被提前存儲到數據庫中，而這會比機場現有安全系統所倚賴的面部照片和指紋更難收集。但有些人可能會自愿提供。任何革新，若能加速安檢這一現代出行中最煩人的環節之一，許多空勤人員或預先登記的飛行常客都會歡迎它。
2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題
Unprecedented Medical Case Shows How Cancer Spread from Organ Donor to Four Recipients
駭人：癌癥細胞竟隨器官移植傳播
An extraordinary and terrifying medical case revealed in the July issue of the American Journal of Transplantation proves that organ transplants can pass not only certain infectious diseases to recipients, but in rare cases, also cancer.
《美國移植雜志》七月刊披露的一個離奇駭人的病例證實，器官移植不但會把某些傳染性疾病傳給器官接受者，在極少數情況下還會把癌癥傳給接受者。
Patients known to have malignant tumors are often not able to donate their organs, but that was not the case of a 53-year-old woman who died of a stroke in 2007. She had no known conditions that could prevent doctors from transplanting her organs, and repeated tests revealed no sign of cancer. The woman’s kidneys, lungs, liver and heart were transplanted into donor recipients, but instead of saving their lives, they infected four of the five recipients with cancer, while the fifth died of unrelated causes shortly after the transplant.
已知患有惡性腫瘤的病人通常不能捐獻自己的器官，但2007年死于中風的一名53歲女性并不屬于這種情況。她沒有任何已知的病癥阻止醫生移植她的器官，而反復的檢查也沒有顯示出癌癥的跡象。這名女性的腎、肺、肝及心臟被移植給了幾個器官接受者，結果非但沒有救這些人的命，反而讓五個接受者中的四人都染上了癌癥，而第五個人在接受器官移植后不久就因其他原因去世。
The four organ recipients had recovered well after the transplants, but 16 months later, the woman who had received the donor’s lung fell ill and was subsequently diagnosed with cancer in the lymph nodes in her chest. Unfortunately, we live in an age when someone is diagnosed with cancer every couple of minutes, but what made this case remarkable was that tests showed the cancerous cells were actually breast cancer cells. Further DNA analysis revealed that they had come from the organ donor.
四個器官接受者在接受移植后一開始都恢復得不錯，但16個月之后，接受肺移植的女性就病倒了，隨后被診斷出胸部的淋巴結有癌細胞。不幸的是，我們生活在一個每幾分鐘就有人被診斷出癌癥的年代，但這個病例的離奇之處在于，測試結果顯示，這些癌細胞實際上是乳腺癌細胞。進一步的DNA分析揭示，乳腺癌細胞來自器官捐贈者。
The lung recipient’s cancer spread and she died about a year after her disease was discovered. At the time, the remaining three organ recipients were notified that the deceased had become infected with cancer from the organ she had received, and advised to get themselves tested regularly just to make sure the same thing doesn’t happen to them. Unfortunately, that wasn’t enough…
接受肺移植女性的癌細胞擴散，并在發現癌癥一年后去世。此時醫院告知其余三位器官接受者，逝者的癌癥來自她被移植的器官，并建議他們定期做檢查，確保他們不會同樣染上癌癥。不幸的是，這樣的防范還不夠……
In 2011, four years after the transplant, the liver recipient was diagnosed with breast cancer cells in her liver. She was given the option of undergoing another transplant, but she refused for fear of potential complications. She opted for radiation treatment, which proved successful at first, but the cancer returned, and she died in 2014.
2011年，在接受器官移植四年后，接受肝移植的人被診斷出肝臟中有乳腺癌細胞。醫生給她的選擇是再一次接受肝移植，但她因擔心出現潛在并發癥拒絕了。她選擇接受放射療法，一開始還比較成功，但后來癌癥復發，她于2014年去世。
The person who had received the left kidney in 2007, was diagnosed with cancer in 2013, six years after the transplant. The disease had already spread to several organs when it was discovered, and the patient passed away two months later.
2007年接受左腎移植的人于2013年，也就是移植6年后，被診斷出癌癥。發現癌癥時癌細胞已經擴散到幾個器官，病人于兩個月后離世。
The right kidney was transplanted into a 32-year-old man. In 2011, tests revealed breast cancer cells in his transplanted organ, but he underwent another surgery to have the kidney removed, underwent chemotherapy and stopped taking medicine that suppressed his immune system. He has been cancer free for 10 years.
右腎被移植到一個32歲的男子身上。2011年，檢查結果顯示，在他被移植的器官內發現了乳腺癌細胞，但他做了一個摘除腎臟的手術，接受了化療，并停服抑制免疫系統的藥物。如今距離他癌癥痊愈已有十年。
“Many reports have shown that cancer transmission can occur in solid organ transplantation,” the authors of the recently published case note wrote. “However, this is the first report describing breast cancer transmission after a multi-organ procedure from one donor to four recipients.”
最近這篇病例解析報告的作者寫道：“許多報告顯示，癌癥傳播可能在實體器官移植中發生。不過，這是首份描述一對四多器官移植中乳腺癌傳播的病例報告。”
It’s worth pointing out that while terrifying, this case is incredibly rare. Dr. Lewis Teperman, director of organ transplantation at Northwell Health in New Hyde Park, New York, writes that passing cancer through organ donation is “very uncommon”, with chances varying between 0.01 and 0.05 percent.
值得指出的是，盡管很駭人，這種情況還是十分罕見的。位于紐約新海德公園的諾斯維爾保健集團器官移植中心主任路易斯·塔伯曼醫生寫道，通過器官移植傳播癌癥“很不尋常”，幾率只有0.01%到0.05%之間。
It’s not clear exactly how the breast cancer remained undetected during the screening performed before the transplants, or how it was able to grow in each of the four patients. Researchers believe that the donor may have had “micro metastases”, groups of cells too small to be detected by imaging tests, and that immunosuppressant drugs played a part in helping the cancer spread. Such drugs are taken by organ recipients so that their bodies don’t reject the new organs, but that means that the cancer cells aren’t rejected either.
目前還不清楚為什么器官移植前的篩查沒有檢測出乳腺癌細胞，以及癌細胞為什么會在四個接受者體內生長。研究人員認為，捐贈者身上的癌細胞也許有過“微轉移”，只是細胞群太小，影像學檢查檢測不到。此外，器官接受者服用的免疫抑制劑也有助于癌細胞擴散。接受者服用這種藥物是為了讓身體不排斥新器官，不過這意味著癌細胞也不受排斥。
“This extraordinary case points out the often fatal consequences of donor-derived breast cancer,” researchers concluded, “and suggests that removal of the donor organ and restoration of immunity can induce complete remission.”
研究人員得出結論說：“這個離奇病例說明，源于捐贈者的乳腺癌通常是致命的，并指出，摘除捐贈移植的器官、恢復免疫系統的正常運轉可以免受其害。”
2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題
How to Make College Cheaper
怎樣才能讓大學更便宜一些
Better management would allow American universities to do more with less
改善下管理就能讓美國大學少花錢多辦事
Derek Bok, a former president of Harvard, once observed that “universities share one characteristic with compulsive gamblers and exiled royalty: there is never enough money to satisfy their desires.” This is a bit hard on compulsive gamblers and exiled royals. America’s universities have raised their fees five times as fast as inflation over the past 30 years. Student debt in America exceeds credit-card debt. Yet still the universities keep sending begging letters to alumni and philanthropists.
哈佛前校長德里克·博克曾經注意到，“大學與病態性賭徒和流亡皇族們有一個共同特征：永遠沒有足夠的錢來滿足他們的欲望。”這對于病態性賭徒和流亡皇族們未免有些刻薄。在過去30年中，美國大學提高費用的速度是通貨膨脹速度的5倍。在美國的學生債務超過信用卡債務。然而，大學依然向校友們和慈善家們發募捐信。
This insatiable appetite for money was bad enough during the boom years. It is truly irritating now that middle-class incomes are stagnant and students are struggling to find good jobs. Hence a flurry of new thinking about higher education. Are universities inevitably expensive? Vance Fried, of Oklahoma State University, recently conducted a fascinating thought experiment, backed up by detailed calculations. Is it possible to provide a first-class undergraduate education for $6,700 a year rather than the $25,900 charged by public research universities or the $51,500 charged by their private peers? He concluded that it is.
在經濟景氣的年份，這種對金錢貪得無厭的胃口讓人厭煩。而在目前中產階級收入縮水、學生為找一份好工作絞盡腦汁之際，這種胃口簡直是讓人憤怒。因此也就有了一陣對高等教育的重新思考。大學是不是非要如此昂貴呢?最近，俄克拉荷馬州立大學的Vance Fried完成了一個迷人的思維實驗(有詳細計算支持)。提供第一流的本科教育僅花費6700美元，而非公立研究型大學收取的25900美元或私立研究型大學收取的51500美元，這是否可能?Vance Fried認為答案是肯定的。
Mr Fried shunned easy solutions. He insisted that students should live in residential colleges, just as they do at Harvard and Yale. He did not suggest getting rid of football stadiums (which usually pay for themselves) or scrimping on bed-and-board.
Vance Fried回避了簡單的解決方案。他認為學生應當在寄宿制大學學習生活——正如哈佛和耶魯現在那樣。他并沒有建議去掉足球場(足球場可以自給自足)或者節省膳宿費用。
His cost-cutting strategies were as follows. First, separate the funding of teaching and research. Research is a public good, he reasoned, but there is no reason why undergraduates should pay for it. Second, increase the student-teacher ratio. Business and law schools achieve good results with big classes. Why not other colleges? Mr Fried thinks that universities will be able to mix some small classes with big ones even if they have fewer teachers. Third, eliminate or consolidate programmes that attract few students. Fourth, puncture administrative bloat. The cost of administration per student soared by 61% in real terms between 1993 and 2007. Private research universities spend $7,000 a year per student on “administrative support”: not only deans and department heads but also psychologists, counsellors, human-resources implementation managers and so on. That is more than the entire cost of educating a student under Mr Fried’s scheme.
他削減開支的策略如下。第一，將教學和學術研究的資金分離開來。他認為，學術研究是一種公益，不過大學生就應當為此買單毫無道理可言。第二，增加學生與老師人數的比率。商學院和法學院上的是大課，但是收效更佳。其他學院為什么就不能呢?Vance Fried認為，即便學校的老師再少一些，大學也能夠將許多小班跟大班混在一起。第三，剔除或者加強那些不能很好吸引學生的課程。第四，削弱行政膨脹。實際上，行政管理的費用在1993年至2007年之間上漲了61%。私立研究型大學一年在每位學生“行政支持”上要花掉7000美元。所謂行政支持，對象不僅有院長、系主任，還有心理學家、輔導員、人事科的執行人員等等。這比Vance Fried方案下培養一位學生的全部費用都要多。
Veteran university-watchers may dismiss Mr Fried’s ideas as pie in the sky. (“The only part of college not mired in tradition is the price,” grumbles Ben Wildavsky, a co-editor of “Reinventing Higher Education”.) Yet some universities are beginning to squeeze costs. The University of Minnesota’s new campus in Rochester has defined teaching as “job one”. The Harrisburg University of Science and Technology has abolished tenure and merged academic departments. Regents at the University of Texas are talking about a $10,000 undergraduate degree.
資深大學觀察家或許會對Vance Fried的主意不屑一顧，認為那是天方夜譚。(《重塑高等教育》的合著者Ben Wildavsky批評說，大學價錢飆升，其余的東西保持傳統，改革阻力很大)。不過，一些大學正在開始擠壓成本。明尼蘇達州大學在羅切斯特市的新校區已經將教學定義為“第一工作”。哈里斯堡科技大學已經廢除了終身職位并合并了學術部門。德克薩斯大學的校董們開始談論10000美元的本科學位。
Mr Fried fails to mention an obvious source of savings. Americans could complete their undergraduate degrees in three years (as is normal elsewhere), instead of four. In practice, most American students take even longer than four years, not least because so many work to pay their tuition. Surprisingly, America’s future chainsaw-wielding corporate titans take a leisurely two years to complete their MBAs; most Europeans need only one.
Vance Fried忘了提及一種顯而易見的節省開支的渠道。美國人可以用3年取得本科學位，而不是4年。(在其他國家也很正常)。實際上，許多美國人取得學位的時間都要超過4年——尤其是因為要做許多工作來支付學費。奇怪的是，美國未來的企業巨頭需兩年，方可從容完成MBA學位，大多數歐洲人只需要1年。
Shai Reshef, an educational entrepreneur-turned-philanthropist, is pioneering an even more radical idea. His University of the People offers free higher education (not counting the few hundred dollars it costs to process applications and mark exams), pitching itself to poor people in America and the rest of the world. The university does this by exploiting three resources: the goodwill of academic volunteers who want to help the poor, the availability of free “courseware” on the internet and the power of social networking. Some 2,000 academic volunteers have designed the courses and given the university some credibility. Tutors direct the students, who so far number 1,000 or so and hail from around the world, to the online courses. They also help to organise them into study groups, and then supervise from afar, dropping in on discussions and marking tests. Mr Reshef pays for incidental expenses with $2m of his own money and donations.
一位受過教育的企業家出身的慈善家Shai Reshef提出了更為激進的觀點。他的人民大學提供免費高等教育(過程應用和改卷子的數百美元不算在內)，向美國和世界其他地方的窮人推銷自己的學校。這所大學利用三種資源來運轉：想要幫助窮人的學術志愿者的善意、互聯網上可獲得的免費“課件”和社交網絡。約2000個學術志愿者設計了課程，使大學有了一些信譽。指導老師們將那些迄今已有1000左右來自世界各地的學生帶到網絡課程。老師們同樣幫助學生組織學習小組，在遠方監督他們，不時加入探討、進行考試。Shai Reshef額外支付200萬的花費，這些錢來自自己的腰包或者募捐。
There are plenty of questions about Mr Reshef’s project. Can you really build a university on volunteerism and goodwill? Can students really be relied upon to do most of the teaching themselves? Will free courseware remain free? (Newspapers that used to give away content online are now putting up pay barriers.)
關于Shai Reshef的項目有諸多疑問。大學能真正地建立在志愿者服務和善意上嗎?學生們是否真正能夠自己完成那些教學?免費的課件會一直免費嗎?(過去其內容在網上免費派送的報紙現在紛紛設置支付障礙)
Mr Reshef’s university has yet to win accreditation, which could take years. But he can take comfort from Clayton Christensen’s classic book “The Innovator’s Dilemma”. Mr Christensen points out that innovators often start by offering products that are cheaper, but markedly inferior. Quickly, however, they learn how to improve their offerings. Even if Mr Reshef fails, there are plenty of other disruptive innovators around. In America, one tertiary student in ten already studies exclusively online. One in four does so at least some of the time, and a growing number of bodies, including elite universities, think-tanks, governments and international organisations, are putting first-rate material online.
Shai Reshef的大學目前還在資格鑒定中，這可能會耗時數年。不過，他能夠從克萊頓·克里斯坦森的經典大作《創新者的窘境》中獲取慰藉。克里斯坦森指出，創新者經常從提供價廉物不美的產品起步。不過，很快他們就學會改進他們的產品。即便Shai Reshef失敗了，依然存在許多有破壞性的創新者。在美國，十分之一的受高等教育學生已經完全通過網絡學習。四分之一的學生至少在某段時間通過網絡學習。不斷增加的實體，如精英大學、智囊、政府和國際組織將一流的資料放到網上。
The coming campus rumpus
即將到來的大學爭吵
Sometimes when academics grouse that there is “never enough money”, they are justified – big science costs big bucks. But higher education is nevertheless marred by inefficiencies and skewed incentives. Students pay to be taught, but their professors are rewarded almost entirely for research. Mr Fried’s calculations suggest that one can slash costs without sacrificing much that students value. Mr Reshef’s experiment may fail, but there is no doubt that universities need more experimenters. The cost of tuition cannot forever rise faster than students’ ability to pay. Industries that cease to offer value for money sooner or later get shaken up. American universities are ripe for shaking.
有些時候，當一些學者抱怨說“錢總是不夠”時，他們是情有可原的——科學研究耗資巨大。然而，高等教育還是陷入了低效率和刺激不當的泥淖。學生們為受教育而掏腰包，而他們的教授卻幾乎完全從科研中得到回報。Fried的計算表明，可以削減成本，同時不犧牲學生所珍視的那些東西。Reshef的實驗或許會失敗，不過大學毫無疑問需要更多的實驗者。學費的增長不能一直超過學生的支付能力。不再能為(消費者花的)錢提供價值的行業一定遲早面臨巨變。美國大學作出改變的時機已經成熟。
