英文翻中文的八大翻譯技巧

要真正掌握英文翻譯的技巧并非易事。這是因?yàn)橛⒆g漢時(shí)會(huì)遇到各種各樣的困難，下面小編就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻譯技巧推薦，來欣賞一下吧。

英文翻中文的八大翻譯技巧推薦

首先是英文理解難，這是學(xué)習(xí)、使用英文的人的共同感覺，由于兩國歷史、文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看來順理成章，而在中國人看來卻是顛顛倒倒、斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，極為別扭。

二是中文表達(dá)難，英譯漢有時(shí)為了要找到一個(gè)合適的對(duì)等詞匯，往往被弄得頭昏眼花，好像在腦子里摸一個(gè)急于要開箱子的鑰匙，卻沒有。

另外，英譯漢時(shí)對(duì)掌握各種文化知識(shí)的要求很高，因?yàn)槲覀兯g的文章，其內(nèi)容可能涉及到極為廣博的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域，而這些知識(shí)領(lǐng)域多半是我們不大熟悉的外國的事情，如果不具備相應(yīng)的文化知識(shí)難免不出現(xiàn)一些翻譯中的差錯(cuò)或笑話。

正是因?yàn)橛⒆g漢時(shí)會(huì)遇到這么多的困難，所以，我們必須通過翻譯實(shí)踐，對(duì)英漢兩種不同語言的特點(diǎn)加以對(duì)比、概況和總結(jié)，以找出一般的表達(dá)規(guī)律來，避免出現(xiàn)一些不該出現(xiàn)的翻譯錯(cuò)誤，而這些表達(dá)的規(guī)律就是我們所說的翻譯技巧。

一、詞義的選擇和引伸技巧

英 漢兩種語言都有一詞多類和一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類就是指一個(gè)詞往往屬于幾個(gè)詞類，具有幾個(gè)不同的意義;一詞多義就是同一個(gè)詞在同一詞類中又往往有幾個(gè)不 同的詞義。在英譯漢的過程中，我們?cè)谂逶浣Y(jié)構(gòu)后，就要善于運(yùn)用選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞詞義的技巧，以使所譯語句自然流暢，完全符合漢語習(xí)慣的說法;選擇確定詞義通常可以從兩方面著手：

1、根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義

They are as like as two peas .他們相似極了。 (形容詞)

He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)甚于喜歡物理。 (動(dòng)詞)

Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麥、燕麥等等皆系谷類。 (名詞)

2、根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來選擇和確定詞義。

He is the last man to come .他是最后來的。

He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干這個(gè)工作。

He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不該怪他。

This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也沒料到會(huì)在這個(gè)地方見到你。

詞 義引伸是我們英譯漢時(shí)常用的技巧之一。翻譯時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在英語辭典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義，如果任意硬套或逐詞死譯，就會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，不能確切表 達(dá)原意，甚至?xí)斐烧`解。這時(shí)就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進(jìn)一步加以引伸，引伸時(shí)，往往可以從三個(gè)方面來加以考慮。

1、詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯。當(dāng)我們遇到一些無法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，引伸轉(zhuǎn)譯。

The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太陽能主要以光和熱的形式傳到地球。

2、詞義具體化。根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引伸為詞義較具體的詞。

The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一級(jí)火箭升得更高，把“阿波羅號(hào)”送進(jìn)圍繞地球運(yùn)行的軌道。

3、詞義抽象化。根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較具體的詞引伸為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引伸為詞義較一般的詞。

Every life has its roses and thorns .每個(gè)人的生活都有甜有苦。

二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧

在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對(duì)譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達(dá)方式不同，就不能逐詞對(duì)譯，只能將詞類進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)譯之后，方可使譯文顯得通順、自然;對(duì)詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運(yùn)用須從四個(gè)方面加以注意。

1、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。英語中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動(dòng)詞。

The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way .

植物沒有專門的排泄系統(tǒng)，可用同樣的方式加以說明。 (名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)

As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去時(shí)，忘記了穿鞋子。

2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。英語中的某些動(dòng)詞、形容詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語中的名詞。

The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.

我們居住的地球，形狀像一個(gè)大球。 (動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)

The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .

醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來治療病號(hào)和傷員。 (形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換)

3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞，以及某些形容詞派生的名詞，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。另外，當(dāng)英語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時(shí)，原來修飾該動(dòng)詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.

使用雷達(dá)探測水下目標(biāo)是沒有用的。 (作表語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)

The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .

太陽對(duì)人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。 (副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)

4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。英語中的某些名詞、形容詞，翻譯時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的副詞。

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對(duì)他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這些人爭取過來。 (名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯)

三、漢譯的增詞技巧

英譯漢時(shí)，按意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要加一些詞，使譯文更加忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容;但是，增加的并不是無中生有，而是要增加原文中雖無其詞卻有其意的一些詞，這是英譯漢中常用的的技巧之一。增詞技巧一般分作兩種情況。

1、根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要，可增加下列七類詞。

Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鮮花滿院盛開。 (增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞)

After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly .在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。 (增加動(dòng)詞)

He sank down with his face in his hands .他兩手蒙著臉，一屁股坐了下去。 (增加副詞)

I had known two great social systems .那是以前，他就經(jīng)歷過兩大社會(huì)制度。 (增加表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)的詞)

As for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .我呢，從一開始就不贊成。 (增加語氣助詞)

The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets .本文總結(jié)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭這三方面的新成就。 (增加概括詞)

2、根據(jù)句法上的需要增補(bǔ)一此詞匯。

Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an exact man.

讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,寫作使人準(zhǔn)確.(增補(bǔ)原文句子中所省略的動(dòng)詞)

All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.

大家都知道地球上的一切物質(zhì)都肯有重量。 (增補(bǔ)被動(dòng)句中泛指性的詞)

四、正反、反正漢譯技巧

正反、反正漢譯技巧是指翻譯時(shí)突破原文的形式，采用變換語氣的辦法處理詞句，把肯定的譯成否定的，把否定的譯成肯定的。運(yùn)用這種技巧可以使譯文更加合乎漢語規(guī)范或修辭要求，且不失原意。這種技巧可分五個(gè)方面加以陳述。

1、肯定譯否定

The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事實(shí)使人們不能不得出以下結(jié)論。

2、否定譯肯定

She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答應(yīng)幫助以后才肯走。

3、雙否定譯肯定

There can be no sunshine without shadow有陽光就有陰影。

但是，如果翻譯時(shí)保留英語原來的“否定之否定”的形式并不影響中文的流暢時(shí)，則應(yīng)保留的目的還可突出原文中婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣。如He is not unequal to the duty .他并非不稱職。

4、正反移位

I don’t think he will come .我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來了。

5、譯為部分否定

Not all minerals come from mines .并非所有礦物都來自礦山。

Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是兩種物質(zhì)都溶于水。

五、漢譯的重復(fù)技巧

重復(fù)技巧是英譯漢中的一種必不可少的翻譯技巧。由于英譯漢時(shí)往往需要重復(fù)原文中的某些詞才能使譯文表達(dá)明確具體;又由于英漢語言結(jié)構(gòu)不同，重復(fù)的手段和作用也往往不盡相同，大致可分為三種。

1、為了明確

I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.

我曾碰到過，不是氧氣設(shè)備了故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障(重復(fù)名詞)

Under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steam at 100C.

在常壓下，水在攝氏零度時(shí)變成冰，在攝氏一百度時(shí)變成蒸汽。 (重復(fù)動(dòng)詞)

A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.

一個(gè)地方有一個(gè)地方的全局，一個(gè)國家有一個(gè)國家的全局，一個(gè)地球有一個(gè)地球的全局(重復(fù)謂語部分)

2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)

He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.

他在街頭游來蕩去，想了又想，盤算了又盤算。

3、為了生動(dòng)

While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light . they are really enormous bodies.

星星和星云看起來只是斑點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，或者是小片的光，但它們確實(shí)是巨大的天體。

六、倒譯技巧

英漢詞句組成和排列的順序千差萬別，因此英譯漢時(shí)作些調(diào)整，顛倒一下順序，則是一種極為常見的翻譯技巧，這種翻譯技巧共分五種類型。

1、復(fù)合句倒譯技巧。復(fù)合句倒譯可分為部分倒譯和完全倒譯兩種技巧。

This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer ,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.

這所大學(xué)現(xiàn)在有電子計(jì)算機(jī)、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遙感技術(shù)、遺傳工程等六個(gè)新建的專業(yè)。 (部分倒譯)

Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.

雖然許多自然規(guī)律還沒被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是它們確實(shí)在自然界中存在。 (完全倒譯)

2、被動(dòng)句倒譯的技巧。被動(dòng)句倒譯時(shí)，有時(shí)可將被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句，有時(shí)可將狀語倒譯成主語。

The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.

雖然我們看不見原子結(jié)構(gòu)，但能準(zhǔn)確地描述它。 (被動(dòng)句倒譯成主動(dòng)句)

Table tennis is played all over China .中國到處都打乒乓球。 (狀語倒譯成主語)

3、以否定型副詞或條件副詞開頭的句子的部分倒譯技巧。能引起這種倒譯的副詞有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in no way ,not until ,not even ,only等。

Never before have I read such an interesting book .我從來沒有讀過這樣有趣的書。

4、帶有介詞短語句子的部分倒譯技巧

These date will be of some value in our research work .

這些資料對(duì)于我們的研究工作有些價(jià)值。

5、習(xí)語的倒譯技巧。習(xí)語的倒譯可分為按照漢語的固定順序倒譯和從輕重上加以區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯以及逆時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行倒譯三種技巧。

For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated.

黃河最后的六百英里，向東流過平坦肥沃、人口密集的華北平原。 (按照漢語的固定順序倒譯)

Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.

救死扶傷，實(shí)行革命的人道主義。 (以輕重上區(qū)分進(jìn)行倒譯)

We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand .我們必須眼疾手快。 (逆時(shí)間順序倒譯)

七、句子成份的轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧

英漢兩種語言，由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同，在具體英譯漢時(shí)，有時(shí)往往需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下句子成分，才能使譯達(dá)到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點(diǎn)突出等目的。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯作為翻譯的一種技巧，其內(nèi)容和形式都比較豐富，運(yùn)用范圍也相當(dāng)廣泛，共包括五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。

1、主語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧，可以將句子的主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的定語、賓語、狀語等。

The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.

機(jī)翼的用途是使飛機(jī)在空中保持不墜。 (轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語)

To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.

為了使火箭各級(jí)全部離開地面，需要有一個(gè)巨大的第一次推力。 (轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語)

Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.

因?yàn)闄C(jī)械的緣故，工廠里出的產(chǎn)品比起以前來，價(jià)格便宜多了。 (轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語)

2、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧?？梢詫⒅^語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語。

Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷達(dá)的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。

3、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧?？梢詫①e語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語。

Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.

各種自動(dòng)車床的作用基本相同，但形式不同

4、定語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。定語可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語和狀語。

Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.

中子的質(zhì)量略大于質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量。 (轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語)

Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.

現(xiàn)在已給該縣科學(xué)家提供了必要的圖書、儀器和助手，以保證科研工作的成功。 (轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語)

5、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯一般指的是狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)譯。它可分作把時(shí)間狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句，把地點(diǎn)狀語從轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句和把原因狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成困果偏正復(fù)句中的主語等三種形式。

These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white .

紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起就變成白色。 (時(shí)間狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句)

Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.

如果光束通道上沒有東西，就什么也看不到。 (地點(diǎn)狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句)

Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.

他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅(jiān)持已見。 (原因狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成因果偏正復(fù)合句中的主句)

八、分句、合句漢譯技巧

英 譯漢時(shí)，由于兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)大不相同而往往需要改變一下句子結(jié)構(gòu)以適應(yīng)于漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。采用分句、合句進(jìn)行翻譯的作法正是為了達(dá)到這種目的而運(yùn)用的 一種重要技巧。所謂分句，就是指把原文的一個(gè)簡單句譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子;所謂合名，就是指把原文的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句或一個(gè)復(fù)合句譯成一個(gè)單 句。運(yùn)用這種分句、合句的漢譯技巧可以使譯文層次分明，更合乎于漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。分句流譯的技巧共分五種類型，合句漢譯的技巧共分三種類型。先談?wù)劮志錆h 譯技巧的五種類型。

1、主語分句漢譯技巧。

A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.

一個(gè)人如果在月亮上度過了十二天，回到地球以后就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一年已經(jīng)過去了。

2、謂語分句漢譯技巧。

It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.

不言而喻，氧氣是大氣中最活潑的元素。

3、定語分句漢譯技巧

He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.

他居然種出了二百個(gè)奇跡般的西紅柿，每個(gè)重達(dá)兩磅。

4、狀語分句漢譯技巧

Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.

陽光射入了它所能透過的地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了幽影。

5、同位語分句漢譯技巧。

Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.

瑪麗平常是個(gè)靦腆的姑娘，現(xiàn)在也熱烈地和他們辯論起來。

2020年翻譯資格考試三級(jí)口譯模擬題

1. The average age of people in the countryside is increasing， while that of the cities is falling. More old people stay in the countryside than young people and the opposite is true in the cities.

譯文：農(nóng)村人口的平均年齡正處于上升趨勢，而在城市卻正好相反。原因是在農(nóng)村老年人要比年輕人多，城市正好相反。

解析：本句難度適中，只需要按照句子的邏輯順序?qū)⒕渥有畔㈥惲谐鰜砑纯?。此外，本句無明顯生詞。

2. One important reason for the move to cities has to do with quality of life issues： comfort and convenience. For example， most of us would like our children to receive the better education， and cities often offer better schools.

譯文：“進(jìn)城熱”與生活水平問題息息相關(guān)。人們向往城市舒適方便的生活。就像我們大部分人都想子女能夠接收到更好的教育，而城市通常就有教育質(zhì)量更好的學(xué)校。

解析：在做本句翻譯時(shí)需要注意在前半句適當(dāng)?shù)卦鲎g一些信息，如在comfort and convenience 處需要加上move to the cities的主語“人們”。后半句難度不大，直譯即可。

3. Most burglars are opportunist， looking for an easier break-in. So don’t make things simply for them. Don’t advertise the fact that you are out or away， or be careless about security.

譯文：大部分的竊賊都是投機(jī)分子，他們會(huì)尋找最方便快捷的“翻.墻入室”的機(jī)會(huì)。所以不要給他們可乘之機(jī)。不要嚷嚷著讓別人都知道你不在家，也不要太馬虎大意而忽略了安全問題。

解析：本句句型不復(fù)雜，需要注意幾個(gè)詞語的譯法，如opportunist本來是“機(jī)會(huì)主義者”，在這里用于形容burglars身上，需要相應(yīng)地翻譯成貶義詞“投機(jī)分子”;此外，don’t make things simply for them可以用成語“可乘之機(jī)”概括，這些需要同學(xué)平時(shí)多做翻譯練習(xí)積累，在會(huì)在臨考時(shí)馬上反應(yīng)出來。

4. Researchers from the University of Copenhagen and the University of Iceland said ash particles from the early part of the volcanic eruption are especially abrasive， posing a possible threat to aircraft engines.

譯文：來自哥本哈根大學(xué)和冰島大學(xué)的研究者們表示早些時(shí)候火山爆發(fā)遺留的火山灰摩擦度非常高。這可能對(duì)飛機(jī)的引擎產(chǎn)生威脅。

解析：本句句型簡單，但生詞較多，需要考生抓注意些重點(diǎn)詞匯理解。如：volcanic eruption 是表示“火山爆發(fā)”， abrasive 表示“磨損的”。考生在遇到不會(huì)的單詞時(shí)也不用過于慌張，一般句子中包含大量專業(yè)詞匯句意都比較簡單，可憑上下文進(jìn)行推測。

5. Lack of sanitation leads to wide spread of contamination of drinking water. Recent statistics say water-associated infectious diseases claim up to 3.2million lives each year， approximately 6 percent all death globally.

譯文：不注意環(huán)境衛(wèi)生會(huì)導(dǎo)致飲用水大規(guī)模受污染。近期的數(shù)據(jù)顯示與飲用水有關(guān)的可傳染性疾病每年可導(dǎo)致320萬人失去生命，這個(gè)數(shù)字接近每年全球死亡人數(shù)的6%。

解析：本句的主題是高口中?？嫉沫h(huán)境問題，全句無復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)，考生需要保證數(shù)字聽譯的準(zhǔn)確性。本句中有出現(xiàn)兩處數(shù)字，要求考生掌握數(shù)字速記的方法。

contamination ：污染

infectious ：傳染的，有傳染性的

approximately ：大約

2020年翻譯資格考試三級(jí)口譯模擬題

The term “American dream” is widely used today. But what exactly does this concept mean? Where does the term come from? Has the meaning of the term changed over time? Questions like these can complicate a seemingly simple term and lead us to an even more important question： is the American dream a myth or a reality today?

The term “American dream” began to be widely used in 1867. The term was used in a famous novel written by Horatio Alger. The novel， Ragged Dick， was a “rags to riches” story about a little boy who was orphaned and lived in New York. The boy saved all his pennies， worked very hard， and eventually became rich. The novel sent the message to the American public that anyone could succeed in America if they were honest， worked hard， and showed determination to succeed. No matter what your background， no matter where you were from， no matter if you had no money or no family， hard work and perseverance would always lead to success.

Today， the message from Alger’s novel is still a prevalent one in this country. It is still used to define the American dream. A very basic definition of the American dream is that it is the hope of the American people to have a better quality of life and a higher standard of living than their parents. This can mean that each generation hopes for better jobs， or more financial security， or ownership of land or a home.

However， new versions and variations of the American dream have surfaced since Alger’s novel was published. For one thing， the basic definition I stated a moment ago — the idea that Americans are always seeking to improve their lifestyle — also suggests that each generation wants more than the previous generation had. Some people would argue that this ever-increasing desire to improve the quality of one’s life may have started out on a smaller scale in the past， but today has led to an out-of-control consumerism and materialism.

Another more benign view of the American dream is that it is about the desire to create opportunities for ourselves， usually through hard work. A hallmark of the American dream， some would argue， is the classic “self-starter，” the person who starts out with very little in life—little money， few friends， few opportunities—and works hard to make his or her way in the world. A classic example of this type of American dreamer would be former president Abraham Lincoln， who was born in a log cabin， was largely self-educated， and yet worked his way up in the world to eventually become a United States president.

This view of the American dream has also been associated with immigrants and their quests for a better life in a new country. Americans have long been fascinated by immigrant stories， and many feel great pride about their own families who may have come from other countries， worked very hard， and created a better life for future generations.

The American dream has also， historically， been associated with westward expansion in this country. Throughout most of the 1800s， the notion of the frontier—a vast expanse of largely unclaimed land in the West—symbolized new opportunities and a fresh start to people. Many a dreamer set off for the West in search of land， jobs， gold， or other opportunities， often with next to nothing in his pocket. Unfortunately， this idea of new opportunities in the West had a negative side.

The American West was not unpopulated; Native American Indians already lived there， along with other immigrant groups， and these people were often displaced — or met with violence — if they interfered with the visions or ideas of westward-migrating Americans.

A more recent interpretation of the American dream has to do with equality. Civil rights activists such as Dr. Martin Luther King Junior， used some of the rhetoric associated with the American dream to urge people to work for equal opportunities for all Americans， not just some Americans. A harsh reality was becoming clear to some people， especially in the 1960s and 1970s： not everyone had the same opportunities. If people were denied jobs， education， or other opportunities because of their race， ethnic background， or gender， was the American dream only a myth?

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