托福閱讀小結題型如何應對

托福閱讀題中小結題是較為常見且有一定難度的題型，正確解答這一題型大家需要對全文內容都有大致了解才行。今天小編給大家帶來了托福閱讀小結題型如何應對,希望能夠幫助到大家，一起來學習吧。

托福閱讀小結題型如何應對

托福閱讀小結題解題思路步驟：最快速度理出文章構架

第一步就是要在最快的速度內理出文章構架：即在做所有題之前先快速跳讀一遍文章。通讀文章的時候只需要讀每段的首句、末句和轉折句。一般抓住了首尾句和轉折句就抓住了一段的主旨。如果在閱讀中出現了轉折，也就是說后面說的事情和之前講的不一樣，也就是說文章的意思有兩層，轉折句就是第二層意思的概括。

同學在進行托福閱讀的時候做筆記是非常有必要的，看似在浪費時間，實則節省時間，將重點語句劃分出來，在解答時會一目了然。托福閱讀中的文章架構都是很清晰，一般我們看段首尾句和轉折句就可以抓住文段的中心。

托福閱讀小結題解題思路步驟：學會準確判斷題目選項

第二步判斷選項，做文章小結題。我們要謹記選出來的選項是要能概括文章大意的，所以一些細節性的，和文章表述相矛盾的，或者是文章中未提及的選項都可以借助排除法進行選擇。

很多同學在進行托福閱讀中分辨不出那些是文章沒提及的，那些是跟文章相違背的，其實這都是關于細節性的考察，我們之前做的題目就是積累細節的過程，因為主旨不可能只提一次，而且在不顯眼的地方出現的，借助我們的筆記，總結出各段的大意，那樣就能很容易判斷出那些是段落主旨大意那些是細節性或者無關的信息。

托福閱讀：美國歷史背景

The continent's first inhabitants walked into North America across what is now the Bering Strait from Asia. For the next 20,000 years these pioneering settlers were essentially left alone to develop distinct and dynamic cultures. In the modern US, their descendants include the Pueblo people in what is now New Mexico; Apache in Texas; Navajo in Arizona, Colorado and Utah; Hopi in Arizona; Crow in Montana; Cherokee in North Carolina; and Mohawk and Iroquois in New York State.

The Norwegian explorer Leif Eriksson was the first European to reach North America, some 500 years before a disoriented Columbus accidentally discovered 'Indians' in Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in 1492. By the mid-1550s, much of the Americas had been poked and prodded by a parade of explorers from Spain, Portugal, England and France.

The first colonies attracted immigrants looking to get rich quickly and return home, but they were soon followed by migrants whose primary goal was to colonize. The Spanish founded the first permanent European settlement in St Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French moved in on Maine in 1602, and Jamestown, Virginia, became the first British settlement in 1607. The first Africans arrived as 'indentured laborers' with the Brits a year prior to English Puritan pilgrims' escape of religious persecution. The pilgrims founded a colony at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620 and signed the famous Mayflower Compact - a declaration of self-government that would later be echoed in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. British attempts to assert authority in its 13 North American colonies led to the French and Indian War (1757-63). The British were victorious but were left with a nasty war debt, which they tried to recoup by imposing new taxes. The rallying cry 'no taxation without representation' united the colonies, who ceremoniously dumped caffeinated cargo overboard during the Boston Tea Party. Besieged British general Cornwallis surrendered to American commander George Washington five years later at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. In the 19th century, America's mantra was 'Manifest Destiny.' A combination of land purchases, diplomacy and outright wars of conquest had by 1850 given the US roughly its present shape. In 1803, Napoleon dumped the entire Great Plains for a pittance, and Spain chipped in with Florida in 1819. The Battle of the Alamo during the 1835 Texan Revolution paved the way for Texan independence from Mexico, and the war with Mexico (1846-48) secured most of the southwest, including California.

The systematic annihilation of the buffalo hunted by the Plains Indians, encroachment on their lands, and treaties not worth the paper they were written on led to Native Americans being herded into reservations, deprived of both their livelihoods and their spiritual connection to their land. Nineteenth-century immigration drastically altered the cultural landscape as settlers of predominantly British stock were joined by Central Europeans and Chinese, many attracted by the 1849 gold rush in California. The South remained firmly committed to an agrarian life heavily reliant on African American slave labor. Tensions were on the rise when abolitionist Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860. The South seceded from the Union, and the Civil War, by far the bloodiest war in America's history, began the following year. The North prevailed in 1865, freed the slaves and introduced universal adult male suffrage. Lincoln's vision for reconstruction, however, died with his assassination. America's trouncing of the Spaniards in 1898 marked the USA's ascendancy as a superpower and woke the country out of its isolationist slumber.

The US still did its best not to get its feet dirty in WWI's trenches, but finally capitulated in 1917, sending over a million troops to help sort out the pesky Germans. Postwar celebrations were cut short by Prohibition in 1920, which banned alcohol in the country. The 1929 stock-market crash signaled the start of the Great Depression and eventually brought about Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, which sought to lift the country back to prosperity. After the Japanese dropped in uninvited on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US played a major role in defeating the Axis powers. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 not only ended the war with Japan, but ushered in the nuclear age. The end of WWII segued into the Cold War - a period of great domestic prosperity and a surface uniformity belied by paranoia and betrayal. Politicians like Senator Joe McCarthy took advantage of the climate to fan anticommunist flames, while the USSR and USA stockpiled nuclear weapons and fought wars by proxy in Korea, Africa and Southeast Asia. Tensions between the two countries reached their peak in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The 1960s was a decade of profound social change, thanks largely to the Civil Rights movement, Vietnam War protests and the discovery of sex, drugs and rock &roll. The Civil Rights movement gained momentum in 1955 with a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. As a nonviolent mass protest movement, it aimed at breaking down segregation and regaining the vote for disfranchised Southern blacks. The movement peaked in 1963 with Martin Luther King Jr's 'I have a dream speech' in Washington, DC, and the passage of the landmark 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act. Meanwhile, America's youth were rejecting the conformity of the previous decade, growing their hair long and smoking lots of dope. 'Tune in, turn on, drop out' was the mantra of a generation who protested heavily (and not disinterestedly) against the war in Vietnam. Assassinations of prominent political leaders - John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr - took a little gloss off the party, and the American troops mired in Vietnam took off the rest. NASA's moon landing in 1969 did little to restore national pride. In 1974 Richard Nixon became the first US president to resign from office, due to his involvement in the cover-up of the Watergate burglaries, bringing American patriotism to a new low.

The 1970s and '80s were a period of technological advancement and declining industrialism. Self image took a battering at the hands of Iranian Ayatollah Khomeni. A conservative backlash, symbolized by the election and popular two-term presidency of actor Ronald Reagan, sought to put some backbone in the country.

The US then concentrated on bullying its poor neighbors in Central America and the Caribbean, meddling in the affairs of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Grenada. The collapse of the Soviet Bloc's 'Evil Empire' in 1991 left the US as the world's sole superpower, and the Gulf War in 1992 gave George Bush the opportunity to lead a coalition supposedly representing a 'new world order' into battle against Iraq. Domestic matters, such as health reform, gun ownership, drugs, racial tension, gay rights, balancing the budget, the tenacious Whitewater scandal and the Monica Lewinsky 'Fornigate' affair tended to overshadow international concerns during the Clinton administration. In a bid to kickstart its then-ailing economy, the USA signed NAFTA, a free-trade agreement with Canada and Mexico, in 1993, invaded Haiti in its role of upholder of democracy in 1994, committed thousands of troops to peacekeeping operations in Bosnia in 1995, hosted the Olympics in 1996 and enjoyed, over the past few years, the fruits of a bull market on Wall St. The 2000 presidential election made history by being the most highly contested race in the nation's history.

The Democratic candidate, Al Gore, secured the majority of the popular vote but lost the election when all of Florida's electoral college votes went to George W Bush, who was ahead of Gore in that state by only 500 votes. Demands for recounts, a ruling by the Florida Supreme Court in favor of partial recounts, and a handful of lawsuits generated by both parties were brought to a halt when the US Supreme Court split along party lines and ruled that all recounts should cease. After five tumultuous weeks, Bush was declared the winner. The early part of Bush's presidency saw the US face international tension, with renewed violence in the Middle East, a spy-plane standoff with China and nearly global disapproval of US foreign policy with regard to the environment. On the domestic front, a considerably weakened economy provided challenges for national policymakers. Whether the US can continue to hold onto its dominant position on the world stage and rejuvenate its economy remains to be seen.

托福閱讀：怎么走出做不對題目的怪圈

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到這句話的時候，經常翻譯為"沙漠化是源于"或者翻譯為"沙漠化導致""很多的土地與很多的人去影響的原因。 "這里面有兩個點特別容易犯錯誤，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是單純的導致的意思。二是affected在這里其實是后置定語，因此這里的意思是"被影響"，這里很多人又疑惑了，因為我們以前看到的東西都是，人的因素導致沙漠化啊，怎么又會是被影響呢?這就是你的問題了，你被自己以前獲得的信息給影響了，你只要知道文章的作者是這么認為的就可以了，何必把自己腦中的信息強加在本文作者身上呢?

這句話其實是一個很淺顯的例子，舉這個例子，其實就是想告訴很多考生很多時候，只是認為自己已經把文章讀懂了，但是實際上對于文章的理解上有無數的錯誤，這其實就是語言的細節!這些細節點要想解決靠的是什么?靠的是單詞的積累，靠的是語法的一步一步的打磨。

如果你經常有"最無奈的莫過于看得懂文章，但不對題"的感嘆的時候，勸大家最好還是從自身下手，去檢查自己的單詞，以及語法，如果覺得不知道從哪里下手，到底該怎么提升，建議你做做老托福的語法，而且要多分析錯題;并且多找一些文章多翻譯一下，然后按照里面給出的譯文去檢查一下自己到底哪里理解錯了，以及翻譯錯了，然后再將這些問題，搜集起來去找自己的同學、老師進行咨詢，看看自己到底是哪個語法點出現了問題，只有這樣才能擺脫"最無奈的莫過于看得懂文章，但不對題"的怪圈。

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